Bayesian Multi-Scale Neural Network for Crowd Counting

Crowd counting is a challenging yet critical task in computer vision with applications ranging from public safety to urban planning. Recent advances using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) that estimate density maps have shown significant success. However, accurately counting individuals in highly congested scenes remains an open problem due to severe occlusions, scale variations, and perspective distortions, where people appear at drastically different sizes across the image. In this work, we propose a novel deep learning architecture that effectively addresses these challenges. Our network integrates a ResNet-based feature extractor for capturing rich hierarchical representations, followed by a downsampling block employing dilated convolutions to preserve spatial resolution while expanding the receptive field. An upsampling block using transposed convolutions reconstructs the high-resolution density map. Central to our architecture is a novel Perspective-aware Aggregation Module (PAM) designed to enhance robustness to scale and perspective variations by adaptively aggregating multi-scale contextual information. We detail the training procedure, including the loss functions and optimization strategies used. Our method is evaluated on three widely used benchmark datasets using Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) as evaluation metrics. Experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves superior performance compared to existing state-of-the-art methods. Additionally, we incorporate principled Bayesian inference techniques to provide uncertainty estimates along with the crowd count predictions, offering a measure of confidence in the model's outputs.