不同干预规则下10~12岁儿童的第三方惩罚与补偿行为:“热情—能力”感知的作用
hird-party punishment and compensation behaviorsin children aged 10-12 years under different intervention rules:The role of “warmth-competence” perceptions
为探究不同干预规则对10~12岁儿童维护公平的方式选择和干预程度的影响,本研究分别在惩罚补偿二选一(N1 = 243)和惩罚补偿可双选(N2 = 236)两种干预规则下考察了儿童在高度不公平、中度不公平与公平三种情境中的第三方惩罚与第三方补偿行为,以及“热情—能力”感知在其中的作用。结果显示:(1)不同干预规则下10~12岁儿童维护公平的方式不同,二选一规则下更倾向于采用第三方补偿,而可双选规则下更倾向于同时惩罚和补偿,并比二选一规则下做出更多惩罚;(2)两种干预规则下儿童对分配者的“热情—能力”感知有明显差异,二选一规则下“热情—能力”感知在分配公平性和儿童的第三方利他程度的关系中发挥中介作用,而在可双选规则下没有发现中介作用。这些结果从实证层面丰富了间接互惠理论和对儿童的第三方惩罚与补偿行为的认识,揭示了干预规则影响10~12岁儿童对不公平现象的感知及其后续采取的维护公平方式和维护公平的程度,启示相关业界人士关注规则的设置对儿童亲社会人格和行为发展的潜在影响,更好地引导儿童作为旁观者主动维护社会公平、做出更多利他行为。
hird-party altruistic behaviors are the act of a bystander (i.e., a third party), whose interests are not directly affected, sacrificing his or her own interests in order to punish the violator or to compensate the victim of the fairness rule. Children are capable of third-party altruistic behaviors by the age of six. Previous studies have focused on single choice interventions that only punish the violator or compensate the victim. It remains unclear which altruistic approach children prefer when punishment and compensation are both capable, which means they can punish the violator as well as compensate the victim. The warmth-competence perception is a widely applied model in studies of interpersonal cognition, but the process by which children judge the traits of others from their behaviors and make their own decisions remains unclear as well. To investigate the effects of different intervention rules on childrens choice of approach and behavioral performance in defending fairness among 10-12 years old, our study examined their third-party punishment and third-party compensation behaviors in three conditions of high inequity, moderate inequity, and fairness under the intervention rules of punishment-compensation single choice (N1 = 243) and punishment-compensation multiple choice (N2 = 236), respectively. A third-party punishment or compensation task adapted from the dictator game was used, with the proposer giving 1/3/5 coins to the recipient in turn from a pool of 10 coins. Children acting as third parties were required to report their perceived warmth and competence of the proposer and how many coins they were willing to intervene with out of their 5 coins. Children in the punishment-compensation single choice group could only choose to punish the proposer, compensate the recipient, or not intervene, while children in the punishment-compensation multiple choice group could punish the proposer as well as compensate the recipient. The findings of this study were as follows. (1) Third-party altruistic behaviors differed among 10-12-year-old children under different intervention rules: under the punishment-compensation single choice intervention rule, children tended to choose third-party compensation, while under the punishment-compensation multiple choice intervention rule, they more often chose to engage in both third-party punishment and compensation. Additionally, under the punishment-compensation multiple choice rule, children took out more coins to punish the proposer. (2) Childrens perceptions of warmth-competence differed significantly between the two intervention rules. The perceptions of warmth-competence mediated the relationship between offer conditions and childrens third-party altruistic amount in the punishment-compensation multiple choice intervention rule, whereas no mediating role was found in the punishment-compensation single choice intervention rule. In conclusion, intervention rules had an impact on childrens third-party altruistic behaviors, the perceptions of the proposers warmth-competence also played a role in this. By examining both third-party punishment and compensation behaviors and exploring the role of warmth-competence perceptions, our study theoretically enriches the understanding of childrens third-party altruistic behaviors and the psychological mechanisms behind them. From a practical perspective, our study can guide childrens third-party altruistic behaviors and help them grow up in a healthy manner.
易玲钰、陈沛琪、王美洁、买晓琴
社会科学
干预规则第三方惩罚第三方补偿社会感知间接互惠理论
intervention rulethird-party punishmentthird-party compensationsocial perceptionindirect reciprocity
易玲钰,陈沛琪,王美洁,买晓琴.不同干预规则下10~12岁儿童的第三方惩罚与补偿行为:“热情—能力”感知的作用[EB/OL].(2024-09-30)[2024-10-05].https://chinaxiv.org/abs/202409.00265.点此复制
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