NOT ALL ANTIBODIES HAVE BEEN CREATED EQUAL: Antibodies validated for routinely processed tissue seldom apply to frozen tissue sections

ABSTRACT A customized context-dependent validation of antibodies for the prospective use, rather than a general stamp of validity, is required for reproducibility and data validity, besides the need of standardized reagents. In-situ antibody staining is a technique broadly used in experimental settings and human diagnostic practice. The first typically, but not exclusively uses lightly fixed material (cell smears, frozen sections), the second, routinely processed formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. Differently from techniques based on tissue extraction, there is little awareness of the context-dependent constraints inherent with either type of in situ staining except that antigen masking associated with routine tissue processing limits the range of useful antibodies. We applied a panel of 126 antibodies validated for FFPE to lightly fixed (acetone, formalin) frozen sections and found that less than 30% performed conservatively with all fixations, 35% preferred one fixation over another, 13% gave non-specific staining, 23% did not stain at all. Individual antibody variegation of the paratope fitness for the differentially fixed antigen may be the cause. Re-validation of established antibody panels is required when applied to sections whose fixation and processing is different from the tissue where they have been initially validated.