The Outer Membrane Loops of OmpA Control the Slow Rate of In Vitro Folding

ABSTRACT Outer membrane proteins are all beta barrels and these barrels have a variety of well-documented loop conformations. Here we test the effect of three different loop types on outer membrane protein A (OmpA) folding. We designed twelve 5-residue loops and experimentally tested the effect of replacing the long loops of outer membrane protein OmpA with the designed loops. Our studies succeeded in creating the smallest known outer membrane barrel. We find that significant changes in OmpA loops do not have a strong overall effect on OmpA folding. However, when decomposing folding into a fast rate and a slow rate we find that changes in loops strongly affect the slow rate of OmpA folding. Outer membrane loop types with higher levels of hydrogen bonds increase the slow folding rate and outer membrane loop types with low levels of hydrogen bonds decrease the slow folding rate. Having the slow rate affected by loop composition is consistent with the slow rate being associated with the insertion step of outer membrane protein folding.