Spherical Spindle Shape Promotes Perpendicular Cortical Orientation by Preventing Isometric Cortical Pulling on both Spindle Poles during C. elegans Female Meiosis

Abstract Meiotic spindles are positioned perpendicular to the oocyte cortex to facilitate segregation of chromosomes into a large egg and a tiny polar body. In C. elegans, spindles are initially ellipsoid and parallel to the cortex before shortening to a spherical shape and rotating to the perpendicular orientation by dynein-driven cortical pulling. The mechanistic connection between spindle shape and rotation has remained elusive. Here we used mutants of the microtubule-severing protein katanin to manipulate spindle shape without eliminating cortical pulling. In a katanin mutant, spindles remained ellipsoid, had pointed poles and became trapped in either a diagonal or a parallel orientation. Results indicated that astral microtubules emanating from both spindle poles initially engage in cortical pulling until microtubules emanating from one pole detach from the cortex allowing pivoting of the spindle. The lower viscous drag experienced by spherical spindles prevented recapture of the cortex by astral microtubules emanating from the detached pole. In addition, maximizing contact between pole dynein and cortical dynein stabilizes round poles in a perpendicular orientation. Spherical spindle shape can thus promote perpendicular orientation by two distinct mechanisms.