Photonic single-arm gravitational wave detectors based on the quantum state transition of orbital angular momentum

We explore the quantum state transition of photon orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the present of gravitational waves (GWs) and demonstrate the potential of a new photonic single-arm GW detection technique. The interaction is calculated based on the framework of the wave propagation in linearized gravity theory and canonical quantization of the electromagnetic field in curved spacetime. It is demonstrated that when a photon possessing OAM of 1 interacts with GWs, it may relinquish its OAM and produce a central signal that may be detected. The detector provides a high and steady rate of detected photons in the low-frequency range ($<1$ Hz), opens a potential window to identify GWs in the mid-frequency range ($1\sim10$ Hz), which is absent in other contemporary GW detectors, and establishes a selection rule for GW frequencies in the high-frequency range ($>10$ Hz), allowing for the adjustment of detector parameters to focus on specific GW frequencies. Furthermore, the detector is insensitive to seismic noise, and the detectable photon count rate is proportional to the square of the GW amplitude, making it more advantageous for determining the distance of the source compared to current interferometer detectors. This technique not only facilitates the extraction of GW information but also creates a new approach for identifying and selecting GW signals.