Implicit Sub-stepping Scheme for Critical State Soil Models

The stress integration of critical soil model is usually based on implicit Euler algorithm, where the stress predictor is corrected by employing a return mapping algorithm. In the case of large load step, the solution of local nonlinear system to compute the plastic multiplier may not be attained. To overcome this problem, a sub-stepping scheme shall be used to improve the convergence of the local nonlin- ear system solution strategy. Nevertheless, the complexity of the tangent operator of the sub-stepping scheme is high. This complicates the use of Newton-Raphson algorithm to obtain global quadratic convergence. In this paper, a formulation for consistent tangent operator is developed for implicit sub-stepping integration for the modified Cam-Clay model and unified Clay and Sand model. This formulation is highly efficient and can be used with problem involving large load step, such as tun- nel simulation.