Temporal modulation of second harmonic generation in ferroelectrics by a pulsed electric field

We revisit the relationship between electric polarization modulation $ΔP$ in ferroelectrics induced by a low-frequency pulsed electric field and the corresponding second harmonic intensity modulation $ΔI_{\mathrm{SH}}$. Using nonlinear response theory, we derive their time-domain expressions linear in the pulse amplitude, revealing that not only the electric field but also its time derivative contributes to $ΔI_{\mathrm{SH}}$. Furthermore, even when the time-derivative component is negligible, $ΔI_{\mathrm{SH}}$ can be in antiphase with the pulsed field and thus with $ΔP$. These theoretical predictions are further supported by real-time simulations of a model for electronic ferroelectrics. Our results demonstrate that the commonly assumed relation $ΔP \propto ΔI_{\mathrm{SH}}$ can break down under certain conditions, reflecting the complex-valued and frequency-dependent nature of nonlinear dynamical susceptibilities.