Exceptional-Point Dynamics

Exceptional points (EPs) play a vital role in non-Hermitian (NH) systems, driving unique dynamical phenomena and promising innovative applications. However, the NH dynamics at EPs remains obscure due to the incomplete biorthogonal eigenspaces of defective NH Hamiltonians and thus is often avoided. In this manuscript, we systematically establish pseudo-completeness relations at EPs by employing all available generalized eigenstates, where both single and multiple arbitrary-order EPs embracing degenerate scenarios are addressed, to unveil EP dynamics. We reveal that depending on EP order and initial conditions, the EP dynamics is characterized by a \emph{polynomial growth over time} of coalescing eigenstates or their superposition, which will dominate long-term evolution despite real spectra protected by pseudo-Hermiticity (PH), or can also become unitary. We further introduce two PH-compliant NH models to demonstrate these EP dynamics and explore their applications. This work completes the dynamical investigation of NH physics, offers valuable insights into the nonunitary evolution at EPs, and further lays the foundation for engineering and exploiting EP-related devices and technologies.