性别刻板印象对男性的消极影响、原因及干预：描述性 vs. 规范性/禁止性
The negative effects, causes, and interventions of gender stereotypes on men: Descriptive vs. prescriptive/proscriptive
摘要
性别刻板印象塑造了人们对男女的特征、属性和行为是什么（描述性性别刻板印象）、应当是什么/不应当是什么（规范性/禁止性性别刻板印象）的普遍信念。不仅是女性，男性也可能深受其害，包括削弱其语言与情绪表现，降低其在医疗保健、早期教育和家庭领域的参与，阻碍其关注身心健康，以及强化男性竞争文化。根据刻板印象威胁效应的整合过程模型，描述性性别刻板印象主要通过损耗工作记忆对男性产生消极影响；根据角色一致性理论和地位不一致假说，规范性/禁止性性别刻板印象主要通过性别角色和地位角色违反对男性产生消极影响。干预路径可从过程入手，提供积极榜样、利用多重社会身份和加强自我肯定；也可根据社会角色理论，从源头处改变性别角色。未来研究可聚焦于如何利用性别刻板印象对男性的积极效应来缓冲其消极影响、文化差异如何塑造这些影响、性别刻板印象对男童的影响，以及探索利用人工智能进行干预的新路径。Abstract
Gender stereotypes are culturally shared beliefs about what the characteristics, attributes, and behaviors that men and women typically have (descriptive gender stereotypes) and those they should or should not have (prescriptive/proscriptive gender stereotypes). Not only women but also men are adversely affected by these stereotypes, which have been linked to diminished linguistic and socioemotional functioning, reduced engagement in health care, elementary education, and domestic roles, compromised attention to their own physical and psychological well-being, and continued reinforcement of masculine-contest cultures. According to the integrated process model of stereotype threat effects, the negative effects of descriptive gender stereotypes on men arise primarily through the depletion of working memory. In contrast, role congruity theory and the status incongruity hypothesis posit that prescriptive/proscriptive gender stereotypes undermine men chiefly by framing their behaviors as violations of gender and status roles. Interventions can target the underlying processes by providing positive role models, emphasizing multiple social identities, and fostering self-affirmation. Additionally, interventions can seek to alter gender roles at their source, consistent with social role theory. Future research could examine how the positive effects of gender stereotypes on men might buffer negative impacts, how cultural differences shape these outcomes, how gender stereotypes influence boys, and how novel interventions can be developed using artificial intelligence. 
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