注意和记忆表征对交通场景图像转向中变化盲视的影响
The effects of attention and memory representations on change blindness during global motion direction transients in traffic-scene images
摘要
变化盲视是诱发交通驾驶人因失误的主要原因之一，对公共安全构成严重威胁。本研究采用运动方向瞬态诱导变化盲视的实验方法，通过3个实验系统考察了注意和记忆表征对交通场景图像转向中变化盲视的影响。实验1操纵场景的运动速度、运动路线和变化类型，其中运动速度可能通过加剧转向瞬间的注意资源竞争影响变化探测，发现快速运动仅在转向条件下显著加剧变化盲视，而在直行条件下无显著影响。实验2控制运动速度，操纵运动时间(变化前)、运动路线和变化类型，其中原始场景呈现时长可能通过增加记忆表征精度来影响变化探测，发现更长的记忆表征编码时间可在有限范围内缓解变化盲视。实验3控制运动速度与运动时间，操纵场景期望水平下的运动路线与变化类型，通过路线转向方向的概率分布建立先验预期，发现个体对高期望条件下的目标变化表现出更好的探测绩效。结论：交通场景转向中的变化盲视是注意资源竞争与记忆表征有限性共同作用的结果，而期望可能内源性地调节注意分配和记忆表征的有效构建，进而影响变化盲视的发生。研究结果支持并拓展了变化盲视的注意-表征理论。Abstract
Change blindness typically refers to the phenomenon where observers fail to realize and detect changes in objects or scenes when there is a brief visual interruption, restriction, or disturbance in the visual environment. This phenomenon is considered a significant contributor to driver human factors errors, posing a serious threat to public safety. Prior research has often relied on static masking paradigms, which may not adequately reflect change detection during natural, full-field observation. Furthermore, by focusing on variables tied to a single cognitive mechanism, prior studies have struggled to examine the roles of attention and memory representations within a unified framework in complex traffic scenarios. This study aims to examine how attention and memory representations affect change blindness in response to sudden shifts in the motion trajectory of traffic scene images.Using the method of global motion direction transients to induce change blindness, images of real traffic scenes with different change types were used as experimental stimuli. The image moves along a certain trajectory in the experiment, and the image also changes instantaneously at the moment of turning or at the midpoint of the straight line. In Experiment 1, a within-subjects design was conducted with 2 (movement speed: fast, slow) 2 (movement path: turning motion, straight motion) 3 (change type: deletion, addition, location changes). Forty subjects were asked to detect the target changes. The results showed that fast motion significantly exacerbated change blindness solely under turning conditions, but had no significant effect during straight motion. In Experiment 2, the fast movement speed from Experiment 1 was used, a within-subjects design was adopted, featuring 2 (movement time: long, short) 2 (movement path: turning motion, straight motion) 3 (change type: deletion, addition, location changes). Thirty subjects were requested to detect the target changes. The results indicated that longer encoding time for memory representations may mitigate change blindness within a limited scope. In Experiment 3, the fast movement speed was also used, a within-subjects design with 3 (movement path: high-expectation turning motion, low-expectation turning motion, straight motion) 3 (change type: deletion, addition, location changes) was employed. Thirty-six subjects were required to detect the target changes. The results suggested that individuals exhibited better detection performance for target changes under high-expectation conditions.The main findings are as follows. (1) Increased movement speed exacerbated change blindness, likely because it intensified competition for attentional resources when the direction of movement suddenly changed. However, movement speed needs to interact with other basic visual feature changes to induce change blindness. (2) Prolonging movement time, which refers to increasing encoding duration, could alleviate change blindness. Visual processing time might enhance change detection by improving the precision of scene memory representations during encoding; however, this effect appears to be limited. (3) Heightened expectancy levels reduced change blindness. Individuals spatial anticipation of the turning direction likely introduced a response bias, endogenously modulating the pre-allocation of attention and the effective encoding of memory representations, thereby improving the quality and efficiency of change detection.In summary, change blindness in traffic-scene images during global motion direction transients arises from the interaction between competition for attentional resources and the limited capacity of memory representations. Expectations may endogenously modulate attentional allocation and the effective encoding of these representations, thereby influencing the likelihood of change blindness. These findings provide empirical support for and extend the attentionrepresentation account of change blindness. 
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