多产品联合成本视角下电力市场负电价形成机理研究
Research on the Formation Mechanism of Negative Electricity Prices from the Perspective of Multi-product Joint Costs
摘要
随着高比例新能源接入，负电价现象在全球电力市场中频发，已成为影响新型电力系统经济消纳与安全稳定运行的关键问题。本文从电力市场多产品联合生产的第一性原理出发，构建了负电价的理论解释框架，并通过严格推导其最优性条件，从数学上系统证明了负电价的生成机制与存在性。在此基础上，统一揭示了跨时段耦合、跨节点约束、跨产品关联及多产品交易约束等多维视角下负电价的形成机理，并基于产品体系分类进一步区分了内部约束与外部约束对价格信号的不同传导路径。研究表明，负电价是系统在多重物理约束与成本耦合下，为实现整体优化而对联合成本进行的隐性再分配；当市场机制试图解耦原本一体化的联合生产过程时，特定产品的局部边际成本可能呈现负值，从而在系统层面实现总成本最小化。本研究在理论上深化了对负电价本质的认知，为电力市场产品体系设计与运行效率提升提供了新的分析范式与决策依据。
Abstract
With the integration of a high proportion of new energy, negative electricity prices have occurred frequently in power markets worldwide and have become a key issue affecting the economic accommodation and safe, stable operation of new power systems. Starting from the first principles of the joint production of multiple products in the electricity market, this paper constructs a theoretical explanatory framework for negative electricity prices and, through rigorous derivation of their optimality conditions, systematically proves from a mathematical perspective the generation mechanism and existence of negative electricity prices. On this basis, the formation mechanism of negative electricity prices is uniformly revealed from multi-dimensional perspectives, including temporal, spatial, product, and trading-rule couplings. Furthermore, the different transmission paths of internal and external constraints on price signals are distinguished. The research shows that negative electricity prices are an implicit redistribution of joint costs by the system to achieve overall optimization under multiple physical constraints and cost coupling. When market mechanisms attempt to decouple an originally integrated joint production process, the local marginal cost of specific products may become negative, thereby minimizing the total cost at the system level. This study theoretically deepens the understanding of the essence of negative electricity prices and provides a new analytical paradigm and decision-making basis for the design of electricity market product systems and the improvement of operational efficiency.关键词
负电价/多产品联合成本/最优性条件/市场机制设计/成本分摊Key words
Negative electricity prices/Multi-product joint costs/Optimality conditions/Market mechanism design/Cost allocation引用本文复制引用
荆朝霞,宋瑜辉.多产品联合成本视角下电力市场负电价形成机理研究[EB/OL].(2026-04-03)[2026-04-05].https://chinaxiv.org/abs/202604.00018.学科分类
能源动力工业经济/发电、发电厂/输配电工程
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