电磁波在理想介质中的传播特性与损耗分析
Propagation Characteristics and Loss Analysis of Electromagnetic Waves in Perfect Dielectric Media
王镱蒙 1张敏2
作者信息
- 1. 辽宁工程技术大学电子与信息工程学院
- 2. 辽宁工程技术大学电信学院通信工程系
- 折叠
摘要
针对无线通信、雷达探测等领域中电磁波传播特性与损耗分析的理论需求，从电磁波理论基本原理出发，建立自由空间与理想介质的理论模型，推导电场强度、磁场强度的波动方程及复数波矢量表达式，明确理想介质无损耗传播特性；推导自由空间路径损耗及对数形式，引入菲涅尔区理论分析超高频段绕射传播机制，给出第一菲涅尔半径近似计算方法与障碍物遮挡下的场强干涉规律。通过数值仿真对比自由空间与相对介电常数为4的理想介质中的平面波传播特性，验证理想介质中振幅恒定、波长缩短、相位变化加快的理论预测；量化分析传播距离、工作频率及介电常数对路径损耗的影响，以及菲涅尔区遮挡引起的场强衰减突变现象。
Abstract
Addressing the theoretical requirements for analyzing electromagnetic wave propagation characteristics and loss in fields such as wireless communications and radar detection, this paper starts from the fundamental principles of electromagnetic wave theory. It establishes theoretical models for free space and ideal media, derives the wave equations and complex wave vector expressions for electric field strength and magnetic field strength, and clarifies the lossless propagation characteristics of ideal media. It also derives the free-space path loss and its logarithmic form, introduces Fresnel zone theory to analyze the diffraction propagation mechanism in the ultra-high frequency band, and presents an approximate calculation method for the first Fresnel zone radius, along with the field strength interference laws under obstacle occlusion. Through numerical simulation, the plane wave propagation characteristics in free space and an ideal medium with a relative permittivity of 4 are compared, verifying the theoretical predictions of constant amplitude, shortened wavelength, and accelerated phase change in the ideal medium. Finally, it quantitatively analyzes the effects of propagation distance, operating frequency, and permittivity on path loss, as well as the sudden attenuation of field strength caused by Fresnel zone occlusion.关键词
电磁波传播/理想介质/路径损耗/菲涅尔区/数值仿真。Key words
electromagnetic wave propagation/ideal medium/Path Loss/Fresnel zone/numerical simulation引用本文复制引用
王镱蒙,张敏.电磁波在理想介质中的传播特性与损耗分析[EB/OL].(2026-05-28)[2026-06-03].http://www.paper.edu.cn/releasepaper/content/202605-130.学科分类
电工基础理论/高电压技术/无线通信
