惩恶、扶弱与扬善：欺凌防治视角的第三方惩罚、补偿与奖励
Punishing Bullies, Compensating Victims, and Rewarding Defenders: Third-Party Behaviors from the Perspective of Bullying Prevention and Intervention
王帆 1陈光辉 1陈培坤 1智诺 1常源 1贤业敏 1张文新1
作者信息
- 1. 山东师范大学心理学部;山东省脑科学与心理健康重点实验室
- 折叠
摘要
中小学生可能会为了维护反欺凌群体规范而做出间接的第三方行为。本研究采用经济博弈范式与假想情境范式，以1011名小学、初中与高中学生为对象，考察欺凌现象中具有防治作用的第三方惩罚、补偿、奖励及其性别与学龄段差异。结果表明：欺凌假想情境下，中小学生均愿意对欺凌者实施第三方惩罚、对受欺凌者实施第三方补偿（二元情境中社会性第三方补偿除外）、对保护者实施第三方奖励；相比于没有保护者的欺凌情境，中小学生在有保护者的欺凌情境中会对欺凌者实施显著更强的经济性第三方惩罚。男生的经济性第三方惩罚与补偿水平显著高于女生；高中生的社会性第三方惩罚水平显著高于初中生和小学生。研究发现证实了中小学生在欺凌假想情境中会表现出“惩恶、扶弱、扬善”的群体内互动方式，为后续探索非冲突性反欺凌行为及干预方案开发提供了方向性依据。
Abstract
Bullying is a widespread aggressive behavior in school environments in which stronger individuals intentionally harm weaker peers who are unable to defend themselves effectively. Direct confrontation with bullies may incur retaliation or social risks, making indirect and non-conflictive third-party behaviors feasible paths to uphold anti-bullying norms. On the basis of the framework of punishing bullies, compensating victims, and rewarding defenders, this study systematically explored third-party punishment, compensation, and reward behaviors among primary, junior high, and senior high school students, as well as their differences across gender and school stages in bullying contexts.A total of 1011 students from primary, junior high, and senior high schools participated in three sequential studies using economic game paradigms and hypothetical scenario paradigms. Study 1 adopted a 2 (gender: male vs. female) 3 (school stage: primary vs. junior high vs. senior high) between-subjects design to examine third-party punishment and compensation in the bully-victim dyadic interaction context. Study 2 extended to the bully-victim-defender triadic interaction context, adding third-party rewards as an outcome variable while maintaining the same design as Study 1. Study 3 integrated data from Studies 1 and 2, using a 2 (defender presence: absent vs. present) 2 (gender) 3 (school stage) between-subjects design to compare differences in third-party punishment and compensation across the two contexts.The results showed that, in hypothetical bullying contexts, students showed both social and economic third-party punishment toward bullies, third-party compensation toward victims (except for social third-party compensation in the dyadic context without a defender), and both social and economic third-party rewards toward defenders when a defender was present, with both social (e.g., helping willingness) and economic (e.g., token allocation) dimensions examined. Compared with the dyadic context (without defenders), the triadic context (with defenders) significantly enhanced students economic third-party punishment toward bullies. Senior high school students exhibited significantly higher levels of social third-party punishment toward bullies than junior high school and primary school students. Males showed significantly higher levels of economic third-party punishment and compensation than females. Junior high school females demonstrated higher social third-party rewards, whereas senior high school males showed higher levels of both social and economic third-party rewards.These findings suggest that primary and secondary school students show third-party behavioral tendencies consistent with punishing bullies, compensating victims, and rewarding defenders in hypothetical bullying contexts. The presence of defenders strengthens norm enforcement by enhancing economic punitive behaviors, and third-party behaviors exhibit distinct developmental and gender-specific characteristics. Given that this study relied on hypothetical scenarios, helping willingness, and token allocation, the findings should not be interpreted as direct evidence for the effectiveness of real-world school-based interventions. Rather, they provide a directional basis for future exploration of non-conflictive anti-bullying behaviors and intervention design.关键词
中小学生/欺凌/第三方惩罚/第三方补偿/第三方奖励Key words
primary and secondary school students/school bullying/third-party punishment/third-party compensation/third-party reward引用本文复制引用
王帆,陈光辉,陈培坤,智诺,常源,贤业敏,张文新.惩恶、扶弱与扬善：欺凌防治视角的第三方惩罚、补偿与奖励[EB/OL].(2026-06-06)[2026-06-10].https://chinaxiv.org/abs/202606.00063.学科分类
教育
