从胎儿到新生儿：语音感知发展的连续性视角
From fetus to newborn: A continuity perspective on the development of speech perception
摘要
人类新生儿在出生数小时内即可表现出对母语、母亲声音及语音细节的高度敏感，其发展起点很可能早在宫内就已奠定。本文从发展神经科学的视角出发，系统梳理宫内低通滤波声学环境与胎儿听觉系统的成熟进程，重点讨论了产前听觉经验如何参与塑造新生儿语音感知的神经机制。现有研究表明，在低频滤波作用下的宫内声景中，胎儿能够感知并记忆母语相关的韵律模式，这些经验可能延续至出生后早期的语音加工阶段；出生后，全频段语音输入与皮层快速成熟共同参与新生儿音段加工能力的发展，其神经机制涉及双侧颞–额叶网络的激活，以及与母语韵律、音位加工相匹配的神经振荡长时程相关性的增强。基于此，本文在既有围产期连续性视角基础上，构建语音感知发展的产前–产后连续性框架，认为新生儿的语音感知在听觉系统成熟与功能化、产前低频韵律经验和产后全频段语音输入共同作用下连续地发展。未来研究需整合多模态技术、深化对早产儿等高风险人群的纵向追踪、拓展声调语言及多语环境样本，同时从应用层面探索相关研究在临床筛查与干预中的潜在价值，以期为语言发育障碍的早期识别与精准干预提供更加坚实的神经科学依据。
Abstract
Human newborns exhibit remarkable sensitivity to their native language, maternal voice, and fine-grained speech details within hours after birth, and these capacities likely originate during the prenatal period. From a developmental neuroscience perspective, this article systematically reviews the low-pass-filtered acoustic environment of the womb and the maturation of the fetal auditory system, with a focus on how prenatal auditory experience shapes the neural mechanisms of speech perception in newborns. Existing evidence indicates that, within the low-frequency-dominated intrauterine soundscape, fetuses can perceive and remember native-language-related prosodic patterns, and that such experience may carry over to early postnatal speech processing. After birth, full-spectrum speech input and rapid cortical maturation jointly contribute to the development of segmental processing in newborns, with the underlying neural mechanisms involving activation of bilateral temporo-frontal networks and enhanced long-range temporal correlations in neural oscillations aligned with native-language prosody and phonemes. Building on existing perinatal continuity perspectives, this paper develops a speech-perception-specific prenatal-postnatal continuity framework, arguing that newborn speech perception develops continuously under the joint action of the maturation and functional emergence of the auditory system, prenatal low-frequency prosodic experience, and postnatal full-spectrum speech input. Future research should integrate multimodal neuroimaging approaches, strengthen longitudinal designs involving preterm and other high-risk populations, expand sampling in tone-language and multilingual contexts, and further explore translational applications in early screening and intervention for developmental language disorders.关键词
产前听觉经验/宫内声学环境/新生儿语音感知/韵律加工/神经机制Key words
prenatal auditory experience/intrauterine acoustic environment/newborn speech perception/prosodic processing/neural mechanisms引用本文复制引用
王梦寰,许秋阳,梁丹丹.从胎儿到新生儿：语音感知发展的连续性视角[EB/OL].(2026-07-14)[2026-07-17].https://chinaxiv.org/abs/202607.00112.学科分类
医学研究方法/语言学
