积极框架增强施动感：结果特征及视听通道的作用
Positive Framing Enhances Sense of Agency: The Roles of Outcome Characteristics and Audiovisual Modalities
李力红 1刘心怡 1吴一尘 1武婉婷 1运高杰 1吴敏 1王凌云1
作者信息
摘要
本研究在模拟老虎机赌博任务中采用“伪装成盈利的亏损”的范式，旨在考察积极框架能否增强施动感，并检验结果效价、回报程度及视听通道的作用，研究共包括4个实验，施动感的测量采用时间压缩范式。实验1和2分别以视觉、听觉单通道呈现结果，实验3采用视听一致呈现，实验4采用视听框架不一致呈现。以动作-结果时间估计值反映内隐施动感。结果发现，积极框架效应受结果效价与回报程度共同调节，最稳定地出现在低回报亏损结果中；该效应可见于视觉、听觉单通道和视听一致条件，视听不一致条件下未获得稳定证据。视听一致可能有助于效应稳定呈现，但尚无证据表明其显著强于单通道，也不能确认某一通道具有主导优势。研究表明，在客观结果不变时，积极框架可通过改变结果表征增强特定条件下的施动感，其作用具有结果边界，且不依赖特定感觉通道。
Abstract
Losses disguised as wins (LDWs) are objectively losing outcomes presented with win-like feedback in slot-machine gambling. Such feedback can distort players judgments of winning, but whether it also changes the sense of agency remains unclear. Based on cue-integration accounts, the present study examined whether positive framing would enhance implicit sense of agency and whether this effect would vary with outcome valence, return level, and the sensory modality through which outcome information was delivered.Four experiments were conducted with independent samples of 46 university students each, yielding 184 participants in total. All experiments used a simulated slot-machine task and an interval-estimation version of the intentional-binding paradigm. Participants selected a slot machine, placed a fixed wager, received an outcome after a delay, and estimated the actionoutcome interval; shorter estimates indicated stronger implicit agency. Experiments 1 and 2 presented outcomes through visual and auditory single channels, respectively. Experiment 3 used congruent audiovisual presentation, whereas Experiment 4 used incongruent audiovisual framing. Presentation frame, outcome valence, and return level were manipulated in Experiments 13, and the channel carrying the positive frame was manipulated in Experiment 4.Positive framing did not enhance the sense of agency uniformly across all outcome conditions. In Experiment 1, it enhanced agency for losses at the 10% and 30% return levels and for gains at the 60% and 90% levels. In Experiment 2, reliable framing effects were found only for losses at the 10% and 30% return levels, whereas no reliable effect was observed for gains. In Experiment 3, congruent audiovisual positive framing enhanced agency for losses at the 10%, 30%, and 60% levels and for gains at the 60% and 90% levels. In Experiment 4, the sensory channel carrying the positive frame did not reliably influence agency, and its effects did not vary with outcome valence or return level. Cross-experiment analyses suggested that the framing effect was most consistently expressed under congruent audiovisual presentation, particularly for low-return losses. However, congruent and incongruent audiovisual conditions did not differ reliably, and the findings provided no clear evidence that either the visual or auditory channel was dominant.These findings indicate that positive framing can alter implicit sense of agency even when the objective outcome remains unchanged. The effect is not general but is jointly constrained by outcome valence and return level, with the most robust pattern occurring for low-return losses. It can emerge in visual, auditory, and congruent audiovisual conditions, suggesting that no specific sensory modality is necessary. The study extends LDW research from biased outcome judgment to actionoutcome attribution and highlights how win-like feedback may strengthen subjective control over random outcomes.关键词
施动感/积极框架/伪装成盈利的亏损/视听通道/回报程度Key words
sense of agency/positive framing/losses disguised as wins/audiovisual modalities/return level引用本文复制引用
李力红,刘心怡,吴一尘,武婉婷,运高杰,吴敏,王凌云.积极框架增强施动感：结果特征及视听通道的作用[EB/OL].(2026-08-19)[2026-08-24].https://chinaxiv.org/abs/202608.00013.学科分类
科学、科学研究
