天文观测对中子星内部结构的可能约束

he detection of deep space pulsars is a key factor that constrains the equation of states and the theoretical models of neutron stars. In particular, the process of observing the peculiar pulsars and their systems, such as sub-millisecond pulsars, binary neutron star systems, neutron star-black hole systems, etc., has played a very important role in understanding the evolution of stars and the true internal structure of neutron stars. For example, the extremely high rotation frequencies of sub-millisecond pulsars may play a key role in constraining the equation of state of neutron stars and verifying the evolution of structure and mechanism in the rapidly rotating neutron stars. The researches of the macroscopic properties of sub-millisecond pulsars can provide important clues to whether quark matter can appear in sub-millisecond pulsars, and whether there is an association between the mass range of sub-millisecond pulsars and the possible mass gaps of neutron stars and black holes. The discovery of peculiar pulsars and their systems can promote astronomical observations to find the effective ways to distinguish neutron stars from quark stars. The measuring the surface gravitational redshift of neutron stars provides a potential method for constraining or estimating the mass and radius of neutron stars. The detection of the gravitational wave signal in future will extract more data that can be used to constrain the macroscopic properties of pulsars. The article reviews the progress of research on the internal structure of neutron stars based on the latest astronomical observations, including how might the rotation speed, the mass, the gravitational redshift, the moment of inertia, and the detection of gravitational waves be used to constrain the equation of states and test the theoretical models of neutron stars.